What Is Sentence Expanding

Sentence expanding is the process of adding one or more words, phrases, or clauses to the main clause (or independent clause) to do just that: expand your sentences. Sentence-expanding exercises are often used in conjunction with sentence-combining and sentence-imitation exercises: Together, these activities may serve as a supplement or an alternative to more traditional methods of grammar and writing instruction. The primary purpose of using sentence-expanding exercises in composition  is to enrich a students thinking and attention to detail in storytelling while heightening his or her awareness of the variety of available sentence structures. All together, it gives students the ability to paint a more vivid picture and express a more complex thought. Sentence-Expanding Possibilities The frameworks for sentence expanding are as rich and varied as are the grammatical structures offered to us by the English language: Expanding Sentences With Adjectives and AdverbsExpanding Sentences With Prepositional PhrasesExpanding Sentences With AppositivesExpanding Sentences With Adjective ClausesExpanding Sentences With Adverb ClausesExpanding Sentences With Absolute Phrases Examples and Exercises Sentence-Murdering and Sentence-Expanding. English teacher and author Sally Burkhardt offers the following exercise: In a sentence-murdering activity, [you] butcher a selected sentence, usually turning it into a series of run-ons and comma splices, common errors beginning writers often make. In sentence-expanding, [you] give students a phrase from the selected sentence for them to expand into as long a sentence as possible without using correlative conjunctions or committing any syntactical errors. Copying well-written sentences daily gives students a tacit knowledge of how to write complex sentences without learning technical grammatical descriptions.Expanding Texts: Effective language-teaching practitioners Penny Ur and Andrew Wright offer the following exercise for forming grammatical sentences by adding words or phrases: Write a single simple verb in the center of the board. Invite students to add one, two or three words to it. For example, if the word was go, they might suggest I go, or Go to bed! They go on suggesting additions of a maximum of three consecutive words each time, making a longer and longer text, until you, or they, have had enough.In Stanley Fishs Sentence-Expanding Exercise, You start small, with three-word sentences, and after you’ve advanced to the point where you can rattle off their structure on demand, you go on to the next step and another exercise. Take a little sentence (Bob collects coins or John hit the ball), whose ensemble of relationships you are now able to explain in your sleep, and expand it, first into a sentence of fifteen words and then into a sentence of thirty words, and finally, into a sentence of one-hundred words ... And then—here comes the hard part again—tag every added component with an account of how it functions to extend and maintain the set of relationships that holds the sentence, however mammoth or unwieldy it becomes, together. Sources Burkhardt, Sally E.  Using the Brain to Spell: Effective Strategies for All Levels. Rowman Littlefield Education, 2011.Davis, Paul, and Mario Rinvolucri.  Dictation: New Methods, New Possibilities. Cambridge University Press, 1989.Fish, Stanley Eugene.  How to Write a Sentence: And How to Read One. Harper, 2012.Ur, Penny, and Andrew Wright.  Five-Minute Activities: A Resource Book of Short Activities. Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Germany Is A Country Rich With History - 1310 Words

Before we can understand the culture of any country or people, we must first define what culture is and what influences culture to change. Culture is simply the shared characteristics or â€Å"common ground† within a group of individuals. These characteristics can include anything from religion to how a business operates. Culture is not stagnate; it will evolve and change as the people of the area develop new ideas, technologies, and views of the future. For example, Germany has developed its own unique culture over the course of a few millenniums. When visiting Germany for the first time, having an understanding of the country’s history, territorial regions, political environment, and customs of the people may keep a person from unintentionally offending a German citizen and make the adventure much more enjoyable. First, to understand how German culture and customs came into existence we must examine its’ past. Germany is a country rich with history spanni ng over two thousand years. Fortunately, we only need to look at the last century and a half to understand how modern day Germany came into fruition. Prior to 1870, Germany was only a collection of separate principalities. Then in 1871, Germany became part of the Holy Roman Empire and united into one country. Under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, it transformed into a powerful, industrialized nation. As Germany entered into the 1920s with the economic depression just starting, there was disappointment amongShow MoreRelatedGermany And Its Impact On The Country Of Germany1204 Words   |  5 Pagesarts. The country of Germany is rich in culture, from the days of Nazi Reign, to today’s alliance with NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). The architecture of Germany has a long, rich and diverse history. Every major European style from Roman to Post Modern is demonstrated. Germany has made very significant technology and science achievements and have a significant part of the country’s economy. Germany’s people are a very tolerant and forward thinking group of people. Germany is a modernRead MoreModernization And Development Towards Democracy1544 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes not explain the emergence of democracy, and that the likelihood that a country remains democratic is higher in richer countries. Finally, it will look into future avenues in research on the correlation between political development and modernization. Modernization theory refers to a set of explanations that link economic development and social changes with the type of political regime that emerges. As countries economically modernize, they shift from agricultural to industrial societiesRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy and Reagans Debate824 Words   |  4 PagesThe two speeches that were discussed in Germany about the berlin wall are similar but also different from each other. John f. Kennedy’s speech focuses on how he has never heard of a wall being put up to keep the people of Germany a divided continent. He also states that his people in his country take pride in being able to meet the people of West Berlin. To add on he also says â€Å"I know of no town, no city, that has been besieged for 18 years that still lives with the vitality and the force, and theRead MoreDystopian Societies And Progression Towards Equality Essay1596 Words   |  7 PagesAdolf Hitler, during his time of power, was responsible for million s of deaths and leading Germany into a dystopian society. A dystopian society is a place of human misery that is ruled by a totalitarian government that makes choices for their own benefit not the people s; Adolf Hitler made Germany dystopian by being the sole power and eliminating or suppressing his opposition. Hitler was able to persuade Germany that the Jewish people were the cause of their problems, which evolved his rise to powerRead MoreSick Around the World Essay614 Words   |  3 Pagesaround the World,† I learned that one of the first statements made on the video was extremely true. The statement made was, â€Å"other countries do much better than the U.S but spend a lot less money.† There were numerous innovations that impressed me from several different countries. The countries with innovations that stuck out the most were Germany, Japan, and Taiwan. Germany has a market based health system. They have universal health care that covers medical, dental, mental health and even homeopathyRead MoreEssay about Germany502 Words   |  3 Pages Germany is the fourth largest country in area in Europe, with a total area of 356,970 square kilometers (137,827 square miles). 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For example, Germany has developedRead MoreMy Economic Philosophy1004 Words   |  4 Pagesthe issue of prohibition in the 1920’s, how our government should interact with our economy has been a polarizing issue in American politics for decades. Both sides carry valid points and support different ideals. I will walk you through a brief history and explanation of libertarianism, highlight a fundamental economist who really developed the ideals behind libertarianism and give the pros and cons. I will then do the same for socialism. I will attempt to share this knowledge with you in as unbiasedRead MoreThe Reasons for Global Inequality1428 Words   |  6 Pagespressing issue of concern across many subjects and specifically that of economics. The industrial revolution and globalization are great catalysts to why some nations are so rich and others so poor as they allowed for competition and specialization. There are many other factors as to why certain nations are poor and others rich, arguably historical reasons, structural reasons, abundance of resources and fops, lack of diversification, political issues and systems, geographical issues and topology andRead MoreGuns, Germs And Steel : Episode 3 Essay883 Words   |  4 Pageslower respiratory tract infections and is one of the most deadly diseases in Africa. It is responsible for taking lives of more than 800,000 people every year.† Poverty was and still is a big issue for the population of Africa, â€Å"In 2013, the 10 countries with the highest proportion  of residents living in extreme poverty were  all in sub-Saharan Africa.  Extreme poverty is defined as living on $1.25 or less a day.  In 2010, 414 million people were living in extreme poverty across  sub-Saharan Africa.

The Future Energy Systems Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

The resources of biomass are limited and a deficiency of adequate available cultivated lands may be the major ground to curtail biofuel development in the long term [ 12 ] . Guaranting nutrient security has been and will ever be a national scheme for China, sing China has a monolithic population but a cultivated country per capita which is even less than half of the universe norm. China has set the biomass development rule that â€Å" developments of biomass are non allowed to vie with nutrient supply every bit good as lands, on which nutrients are supposed to be cultivated † [ 19 ] . We will write a custom essay sample on The Future Energy Systems Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the potency of available fringy land resources is one of the influential factors to find the possible production of purpose-grown energy harvests. Agricultural and forestry wastes in China will play a important function in the future biomass development, in which the usage of biofuels in conveyance will hold to vie with the biomass usage of other sectors, such as electricity and heat coevals [ 20 ] . Electricity is another AVF which drives vehicles to travel by utilizing electric motors. The application of electricity in vehicles greatly improves the vehicles ‘ energy efficiency and reduces vehicle fumes emanations, which is peculiarly of import in urban countries. Today, many trains and urban rail theodolite systems have been electrified. Electricity is provided straight from a public grid, where energy storage is by and large non a concern [ 21 ] . BEVs have drawbacks of a limited drive distance, comparatively long recharging clip, a high initial vehicle monetary value, low constituent continuances every bit good as demands of a to the full developed reloading substructure, etc. [ 22,23 ] . Plug-in intercrossed electric vehicles ( PHEVs ) emerged as a possible intermediate measure towards a to the full electric manner. Most obstructions which BEVs have to get the better of now are related to the battery engineering. This engineering is expected to optimize the bing Li bat teries in the short term and to develop new battery chemical science with significantly higher energy densenesss to enable the usage of BEVs and PHEVs with a longer all-electric scope in the long term [ 24 ] . If discoveries of the battery engineering can be obtained in the hereafter, electricity may be the most promising AVF in conveyance, due to the bear downing substructure is non basically different from the substructure of the current conveyance system. Hydrogen, an energy bearer, serves as another opportunity to replace the oil usage in conveyance. Combined with fuel cell engineering, H is transformed to electricity which is so used by electric motors to impel wheels. Advantages of a H fuel cell vehicle ( HFCV ) are observed, such as a long drive scope and zero emanation in a tank-to-wheels point of position provided H is stored on-board and produced off-board. There is another type of HFCV with on-board transforming of fuels, such as methyl alcohol, to hydrogen but with emanations from transforming fuels and a more complex on-board transforming system [ 23 ] . Today, the commercial degree of HFCVs is far behind the degree of biofuels, PHEVs and BEVs [ 25 ] . Many challenges of developing HFCVs demand to be overcome in the hereafter including efficiency betterments of fuel cell engineering and cut downing the high initial monetary value of the vehicles by maturating their on-board power system, in which batteries are besides needed today to gaining control and shop electricity, etc. However, the most ambitious issue of developing HFCVs is the deployment of the H substructure due to both the diverseness of the H production tract and dearly-won H distribution processes [ 26 ] . Replacement of oil usage, decrease of fuel ingestion every bit good as a lessening of CO2 emanations from the tank-to-wheels position are three direct benefits of utilizing electricity and H in conveyance. However, the last two benefits may lose in the electricity and H production procedure sing most current energy systems are dominated by fossil fuels. For case, electricity from the mean Chinese grid has the CO2 emanation strength ( measured as the CO2 emanation divided by the energy demand ) similar to that of a gasolene tract although a comparatively lower dodo energy ingestion strength ( measured as the dodo energy ingestion divided by the energy demand ) [ 27,28 ] . Another survey indicates that if H is produced with U.S. mean electricity ( more than 50 % of which is generated from coal-burning power workss ) , its usage, even in efficient HFCVs, can still ensue in increased CO2 emanations ; in contrast, if renewable electricity, such as air current power, is used for H producti on, the usage of H in any vehicle engineering will ensue in riddance of green house gas ( GHG ) emanations [ 29 ] . It has been shown that benefits of the oil usage replacing and the limited GHG emanation decrease can be obtained in the conveyance sector by using AVFs which are produced from dodo fuel dominated energy systems [ 30,31 ] . However, those benefits are non sufficient and current dodo fuel energy systems can non prolong the development of sustainable conveyance. It is necessary to place engineerings and schemes in conveyance, by which the oil usage can be replaced and options can be produced based on renewable energy beginnings. Consequences of implementing such engineerings and schemes in conveyance should be analysed in the context of the energy system. Future energy systems As discussed above, the development of sustainable conveyance with a large-scale decrease of GHG emanations and an use of oil independent options demands solutions from an overall renewable energy system. It can non be seen as an isolate development mark as the resources of biomass are limited and other options, electricity and H, are strongly connected with the remainder of the energy system. Most current energy systems are dominated by fossil fuels. This has posed many known challenges chiefly caused by the burning of these fossil fuels, such as clime alteration, insecure energy supply every bit good as environmental taint [ 32 ] . Those challenges will go terrible along with the addition of the dodo fuel monetary value and the growing of the energy demand in the universe. As an option, a suited substructure for the execution of renewable energy may function as a long-run sustainable solution. Future energy systems may hold at least three features compared to current dodo fuel dominated energy systems in footings of energy supply, energy transition every bit good as energy demand ( see Fig. 1-2 and Fig. 1-3 ) . Fossil Fuel 1 Power Plant Fossil Fuel 2 CHP Oil aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Heat Boiler Electricity Heat Conveyance Energy supply Energy transition Energy demand Fig. 1. A simplified illustration of a current dodo fuel dominated energy system. Abbreviations used in the figure: CHP, combined heat and power. RE 1 Intermittent Plant RE 2 CHP Rhenium aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Intermittent Heat Electricity Heat Conveyance Energy supply Energy transition Energy transition and demand POLY RE 3 aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Fig. 1. A simplified illustration of a hereafter energy system. Abbreviations used in the figure: RE, renewable energy ; POLY, poly-generation works for bio-transport fuel, heat and electricity coevals ; CHP, combined heat and power. On the energy supply side, large-scale renewable energy beginnings are expected to be utilised as primary energy in future energy systems. Renewable energy beginnings consist of renewable beginnings of electric power, such as air current power, solar power and hydropower, etc. ; renewable beginnings of thermic power, such as geothermal, solar thermal, etc. ; and biomass resources which can be converted into many signifiers including liquid fuels, bio-gas every bit good as solid fuels. Bio-energy can be utilised in assorted energy transition processes to bring forth electricity, to provide heat every bit good as to bring forth fuels for conveyance energy usage [ 3 ] . With regard to energy transition, more efficient transition and storage engineerings will be widely needed in future energy systems in which the energy transition procedure becomes more diversified and complex. One energy demand, such as electricity, can be converted from primary energy by utilizing engineerings for illustration intermittent power workss, CHPs ( in footings of steam turbines, fuel cells, etc. ) and poly-generation workss [ 33 ] . One energy demand can be converted into another such as change overing electricity to heat by utilizing heat pumps and electric boilers, etc. [ 34 ] . One signifier of the energy demand can be converted into other signifiers, such as change overing solid fuels into gas or liquid fuels by the usage of electrolysers or biogas and biofuel workss [ 35 ] . Energy storage engineerings serve as the necessary addendum through which benefits of the efficiency betterment of the transition procedure in the energy system may be reached [ 36,37 ] . On the energy demand side, the function of a concluding energy user may alter due to the execution of alternate engineerings, which respond to the demand of bettering energy efficiency in future energy systems. One illustration could be the conveyance sector which used to be the concluding oil user in the current dodo fuel dominated energy system ; nevertheless, in future energy systems it connects to the remainder of the energy system and likely starts to play functions as both nomadic energy storage and a new power beginning by implementing engineerings of EVs and vehicle-to-grid ( V2G ) [ 38,39 ] . Renewable energy engineerings, more efficient energy transition engineerings and energy economy engineerings are three cardinal elements for the hereafter sustainable energy development. Two major challenges of renewable energy schemes for sustainable energy development have been identified [ 40,41 ] . One challenge is to incorporate a high portion of intermittent renewable energy beginnings into the energy system, particularly the electricity supply. The other is to include the conveyance sector in the schemes. The intermittence of renewable energy gives rise to jobs of run intoing the uninterrupted energy demand, procuring the transmittal grid stabilization every bit good as avoiding extra electricity production, etc. [ 32,35 ] . Flexible engineerings and equal storage are both needed to ease integrating of intermittent renewable energy every bit much as possible in order to extenuate the force per unit area on the biomass use and accordingly cut down the competition for land and H 2O usage between biomass and nutrient supply. The high dependance on oil merchandises and the deficiency of mature options based on renewable energy make the conveyance sector one of the most hard sectors to be included in the renewable energy schemes. The sustainable conveyance development is an of import and necessary portion of implementing a hereafter renewable energy system. How to cite The Future Energy Systems Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Impact of Diverse Cultures on Play Therapy-Samples for Students

Question: Demonstrate your ability to speculate as to the inner world of the child you observed. Answer: Introduction I am very passionate about the topic of Child play. Im currently studying about childrens development in Malaysia. In children, the play is a fundamental characteristic that helps one to identify their behavior. The play is also an educational tool for the children in different aspects. There have been debates on whether play has a biological element. There has been a rhythm identified among children of similar cultural backgrounds (Glover Landreth 2015). These children have been found to have very similar ways of play spontaneously. A majority of writers have found play to be an essential tool for children, especially in socialization. However, the educational theorists say that play is just a waste of energy, and me disagree with them. Play is vital to a childs emotional, cognitive, physical and imaginative strengths. Importance of Play to Childrens Development Play is important to children in a variety of ways; it helps the children express their personalities and ego, and it also enables them to do what is of utmost interest to them. It also has a cathartic function that is associated with it. Play helps the children get over issues that could be stressing them out. Additionally, it helps children in relating with other children and enables them to build relationships with them (Ginsburg 2007). Play also helps children to become more aware of their bodies as they play, and they know how and where they can move their bodies. Play also enables parents to learn their childrens body language. Finally, it creates a sense of self-worth for the children as they face various challenges and overcome them. It is therefore important to let children play to gain all these benefits. Developmental Assessment in Children The experiences that children have earlier on in life shape the workings of their brains. These experiences also impact the type of relationships these children form as well as their response to stressful situations. This is because, during the childrens formative years, thats the period when the brain goes through the highest growth levels thus influencing their emotional and social growth (Imagawa 1984). It is the time when the childrens thinking starts to develop, their language improves, their movements start to be more defined, and they start to comprehend their feelings as well as those of others. It is therefore imperative to ensure that during the formative years, children are exposed to experiences that will positively impact. This is to ensure that they develop in the right manner and have a proper foundation for their lives. All the aspects of the development of children are interconnected. The physical, emotional, cognitive and social developments of the children influence each other. Social development refers to the growth in the ability of children to relate and get along with their environment and be able to adapt. This is shown in the childrens emotional regulation and temperament. This is how well children control their emotions as they react to their environment. Childrens skills and competence in a social setting is also an indicator of their social development (Tandon et al. 2015). Their emotional bonds and attachment to their career also reflect on their social development. A majority of children want attention to be directed towards them. Otherwise, they result to crying and whimpering. Play is a major contributor to social development as it helps children to interact with other children and prepares them for other more involved social interactions. Children who are not able to relate to other children, or who always have disputes with others show that they have not properly developed socially. They may depict signs of sibling rivalry, or they may be aggressive to other children. There should be help directed towards them to improve their social skills. Emotional development is how well children can control the way they react to their environment given different situations. Children are not expected to be always happy to prove they are developing emotionally. This is because it is normal for them to cry to show that they need something and they also throw tantrums to communicate something more pressing (Piaget 1952). However, if they do so for too long without calming down after a while, it may be a sign of a bigger problem, and it is important for this issue to be corrected. Over time, when children can control their emotions, it shows that they are developing emotionally. Cognitive development is depicted in the ability of the child to think creatively and critically. The child is also able to retain information and work to achieve given goals. Additionally, the child can synthesize and analyze information and can also be able to solve problems faced (Frost 1998). A child who shows an interest in learning depicts signs of cognitive development. Physical development is presented in the well-being of the child as seen physically. The child slowly increases in size and is also able to carry out various activities. Instinct Practice Theory One theory that explains growth and development is the Instinct Practice Theory by Karl Gross. It regards play origins as being instinctive. Nevertheless, play is found to be a significant activity in preparing children for their activities as adults. It also speaks of the importance of children imitating adults in their play and how this helps them to survive (Ginsburg et al. 2007). This theory is therefore important because it supports play as being vital for the development of children and helps them be able to survive and relate to other people. The Pathways Model The Pathways model shows the different pathways that the growth and development of children. This model indicates that the behavior that children depict when they grow up is a cumulative sum of the different behavior that they show as they are growing up (Brussoni et al. 2012). For instance, a child who may show characteristics of not being school ready will then have a poor relationship with fellow children. Solitary play is the type of play where the children are very engrossed in play, and they are not interacting with other children. If the child integrates this kind of play with other types such as parallel play and associative play, it has a positive impact on that child (Frost 1998). However, if the child only uses this mode of play, it is likely to have negative consequences to the child. The child may be unable to socialize, then fail in schoolwork, and could turn into a criminal later in life. In this regard, it is important for research to show whether these activities are mutually exclusive or influenced by preceding events. It is therefore essential to ensure that childrens modes of play are evaluated. This is to ensure that negative factors do not accrue leading to a negative result. Therapeutic Play The therapeutic play is very effective in children. It involves the use of a safe environment in which children can play with as many toys as possible with minimum limits. This may include the children individually or as a group. This play brings healing to the children with no need for medication. If necessary, the therapists can talk to the children to find out what they think about the session (Ginsburg 2007). Therapeutic play helps children to know how to deal with problems they may face which they do not have any control over. This play, therefore, helps children to view their future in a positive light. Play Therapy Dimensions Model This is a standard model for quality therapy play and supervision. The model has four elements namely; consciousness, directive, nonconsciousness, and nondirective. Consciousness refers to the verbal and play activities by the child while the directiveness relates to the level of the therapist's involvement and interpretation (Glover Landreth 2015). Hence, the child can play while the therapist observes to note what needs to be corrected in how the child is playing. This model is important because it ensures that negative child behavior is fixed as soon as it is observed and the child continually learns the right way to behave. Planning Play Therapy Using Play Therapy Dimensions Model The therapist will organize the toys to be used in play based on the childs age and the issue that requires being solved. The child will then move into the play area individually for maximum observation to enable corrections to be made where necessary (Imagawa 1984). The child will then use consciousness and non-consciousness to display his or her feelings in activities. The therapist, on the other hand, will use directives or be non-directive in dealing with the child. Thematic Content of Play In the play, children represent different themes that can be used in therapy sessions or to create a diagnosis. A child analyst can, therefore, use the observation technique to derive the themes in play sessions (Brussoni et al. 2012). In the case of play therapy, the therapist will organize a play based on the macro themes observed. Children could show signs of aggressive behavior, not socializing with others among others. Toys Children Use in Play At different ages, children prefer using certain toys. Additionally, different types of play require different toys. From birth to about six months, children use their eyes and ears to play (Tamis-LeMonda et al. 2012). They have chime toys and cloth dolls to play with. Up to one year, they like using teething and bath toys. Between one and two years, they use playhouses. Then they like using tricycles and stuffed animals. Therefore, based on their ages, they like different toys. Solitary play will use toys such as crayons and a pad to bring out creativity while associative play will use toys that ensure interaction such as play houses and bouncing castles. Play Therapy Session The play therapy settings that I experienced involved Jim, who is six years old. Jim had a range of toys ranging from crayons, pencils, and a writing pad for the child to be as creative as he can, and it also involved drawings for him to express his feelings and thoughts. The first form of play included story telling. First, I told Jim a story that contains different emotions and then asked him to identify the feelings in the story. He had some difficulty identifying some emotions, and I helped him to identify them by giving different suggestions. I then told him to tell a story and identify the emotions involved. Next, I asked him to color the different emotions on a piece of paper and use different colors for different emotions. Finally, I asked him to color the different emotions he had felt in his life and identify when he felt them. This enabled me to know some feelings that were misunderstood and corrected them to give him a better understanding. Another leading toy we used was a stuffed dragon. This was useful when Jim seemed frightened about something. To help him overcome it, I gave him the responsibility of comforting the dragon. This helped me achieve various goals such as; creating a positive relationship between us, helping him to participate freely in therapy, and it helped me empathize with his feelings. Play therapy is more important to a child than regular play because the therapist can come in and help the child when that child seems confused or lost and needs help. As the child is playing, the therapist can assess the childs behavior and help encourage good behavior and correct harmful habits. In the therapeutic play, children hence communicate their feelings in the ways that they play and how they interact with their toys. In this case, Jim used colors to express his emotions and where I made use of a stuffed dragon, he made me aware of his feelings from the way he was comforting the dragon. From the session I held with Jim, I was able to learn that he was not happy because he had recently lost his father and then they had moved to a strange place. The primary cause of this unhappiness was that he was no longer able to see his father and friends anymore. Additionally, he stopped doing various things such as going to the park with his family which he liked. From this, I deduced that he felt neglected because he didnt spend as much time with his parents as he used to. He also felt lonely because he had not made any friends yet. This, therefore, made me teach him how he can interact with other children to make new friends. I also talked to his mother and voiced my concerns from the sessions and said what I learned about Jim. Childrens Responsible Behavior Whenever children are rewarded for doing good activities, this motivates them to keep doing good things to keep receiving the rewards. As a result, they grow into responsible children. Conversely, when they are in the wrong, they should be punished to know that what they are doing is wrong. For instance, they can have a particular place where they sit when they are in the wrong to reflect on their deeds and correct them. Impact of Diverse Cultures on Play Therapy The clients who come to an individual therapist could be of different cultural and social backgrounds. This could affect the therapy sessions in that; certain forms of behavior that may be considered acceptable in one culture may be found unacceptable in other cultures (Vygotsky 1967). People may have different religious beliefs which therefore cause them to believe in opposing things. This could lead to opposition of various tools that could be used in play. Additionally, there could be entirely different ways in which emotions are expressed in different cultures. These could, therefore, cause disagreements between the therapist and the client which could be disadvantageous for the child. Evaluation of Working of Sessions To analyze how well my method is working, I, for instance, could put Jim in a social setting and see how well he interacts with other children. This will show how he has developed emotionally, socially, and psychologically. The Cognitive Domain has six levels. These are evaluation, synthesis, analysis, application, comprehension, and knowledge. It shows how much mental effort is required as one moves up different levels (Tandon et al. 2015). For instance, one must be able to have an awareness of the information to be able to comprehend it. As one improves from one level to the next, more skills one needs to be equipped with. The Affective Domain has five levels and as one moves from one level to the next, the more the skills required. Levels are: characterization, organization, valuing, reporting, and receiving. In this domain, one moves from external to internal motivation. As one moves up the levels, the more skills that are required. The Psychomotor-Behavioral Domain is basically for information. It involves neuro-muscular actions and expects physical dexterity (Piaget 1952). It has five levels namely: naturalization, articulation, precision, manipulation, and imitation. Teachers should incorporate the three domains in their lessons and follow them from the simplest to the most complex. Inner World of a Child From my session with Jim, I was able to see that he is very creative. This was shown in the types of pictures he drew after our session was over. He seemed to be having much brain activity that he expressed in his actions as opposed to in words. Jim was very caring to the stuffed dinosaur which in a way showed that he needed to be cared for in such a manner and felt neglected. Jim was also able to express how he felt when he lost his father and when they moved from a place he had grown accustomed. When I instructed him to tell a story of his own, it also helped him express his feelings and what he would have preferred. This session, therefore, helped me see his inner world based on how he felt and I contributed to getting him through the difficulties he was facing. When children seem to have trouble in their daily lives, it is important to take measures to help them. This will ensure that they grow in all aspects and not just in some. References Brussoni, M. et al., 2012. Risky play and childrens safety: Balancing priorities for optimal child development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(9), pp.31343148. Frost, J.L., 1998. Neuroscience, Play, and Child Development. Triennial National Conference IPA/USA, p.18. Ginsburg, K.R. et al., 2007. The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bond?: Focus on Children in Poverty abstract. Pediatrics, 119(1), pp.182188. Ginsburg, K.R., 2007. The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds. Pediatrics, 32(4), pp.413438. Glover, G. Landreth, G.L., 2015. Child-Centered Play Therapy. In Handbook of Play Therapy: Second Edition. pp. 93118. Imagawa, M., 1984. Play and child development. Kurinikaru sutadi = Clinical study, 5, pp.8521026. Piaget, J., 1952. Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 3(6), pp.1314. Tamis-LeMonda, C.S., Baumwell, L. Cristofaro, T., 2012. Parent-child conversations during play. First Language, 119(1), pp.182191. Tandon, P.S., Saelens, B.E. Christakis, D.A., 2015. Active play opportunities at child care. Pediatrics, 5(September 2015), pp.618. Vygotsky, L.S., 1967. Play and Its Role in the Mental Development of the Child. Soviet Psychology, 135(6), pp.e1425-31

Love in the Western World Essay Example Essay Example

Love in the Western World Essay Example Paper Love in the Western World Essay Introduction This paper will trace in general the different views on love as expressed by the different speakers in Plato’s Symposium and explore in detail the theories of Eros, Philia, Storge and Agape and the bearing it has on the notions of erotic love, filial love, sacrificial love and spiritual love. Another area that will be drawn into focus is the theory of â€Å"platonic love† based on Plato’s hypothesis. The context of the symposium is a get-together of the students of Socrates who get to talking and decide to take turns and speak in praise of Eros, the God of Love.Of the speakers Phaedrus speaks first and talks about the virtuosity Eros promotes in those who experience love. He talks about the awareness that true love can inspire in humans so that man becomes conscious of the noble qualities of honor, loyalty, courage and fidelity.Pausanius is the next to speak and dwells on the different kinds of love, from the common banal love to the higher, spiritual kind of lov e. The earthy love is not as noble as the intellectual love which is more faithful and elevates the mind and is completely devoid of desire. According to him the pursuit of higher knowledge and wisdom is the more honorable and the wantonness of physical love is shameful.Eryximachus talks about the concept of good love that helps man to be judicious and methodical. Eryximachus is a doctor and philosopher and talks about love beyond relationships, about intellectualism, the love of ideas, concepts and the fine arts like music. He speaks of the advantages love brings to humans, the most important being the ability to discern between honor and dishonor. He believes that there are opposing kinds of loves in every living being including animals and plants. However, true love is achieved through a synthesis of these opposing elements and that it can be the fountain and source of power, friendship and happiness (Plato’s Symposium).Aristophanes, the jester and humorist came up with th e concept of love as man in search of his soul mate and partner in order to feel one complete whole. He talks about man being split into half by Zeus for threatening to over run the Gods. Later Zeus modified his terrible act and allowed the two halves to marry as man and woman. It is said that ever since the two halves have been in search of the other.Socrates himself speaks last of all and talks of love as being the human desire for knowledge, wisdom and beauty. Love is the desire for what is beautiful and may not necessarily mean beauty in itself. According to Socrates love is the mere interface between what he desires and the object of his desire. When man has achieved real love he will be able to create beauty, conceptualize perfection and become wise and virtuous.In Greek mythology Eros is one of the three oldest Gods along with Cronos and Chaos and stands for love. The word ‘erotic’ is derived from the God of love, Eros, who encourages and endorses all those who s eek him to perform acts of virtue and merit. As has been mentioned before, all those present at the party or symposium have laid down their postulates and have spoken about different kinds of love and what it does for man. To further explore the concept of the various kinds of love let us consider the broad definition of these categories: Agape, Storge, Philia and Eros.Agape stands for spiritual love, the kind of love God has for his creatures and the love man strives to return. This kind of love transcends physical boundaries and is a higher form of love which finds fulfillment in just being there. It kindles spirituality and is perfection itself. Nothing can tarnish this kind of love and to most mortals seems almost impossible to attain. We can find examples of this kind of love in Christianity. In literature, I have found this kind of love being depicted in certain kinds of love lyrics that belong to the Renaissance age. In Petrarch’s poetry for instance, the poet’s object of desire, the enigmatic Laura, is continually shown as someone unreachable. Laura’s eyes are compared to stars; her face is often described as being so radiant as to make looking at her impossible. This imagery often ties up with how the apprehension of God is described in Christianity. Here, the conflict between Eros and Agape is continually present. The poet often feels helplessly tied between the demands of the earthier, physical Eros and the spiritual, the allegedly purer kind of Agape (Houston).Storge is synonymous with love that engenders sacrifice and purity. This is the kind of love parents feel for their children. This kind of love does not wait for reciprocity to grow and is there notwithstanding. The story of Abraham and Isaac is an interesting biblical instance of these two kinds of love where Storge is compelled to be sacrificed for the greater Agape. In order to prove the full extent of his Agape, his total devotion to God, Abraham is asked to sacrifice the thing he loves most. This happens to be Abraham’s son Isaac, the person for who he feels the greatest Storge. In the biblical context, Agape is undeniably higher than Storge. Abraham is therefore first made to prove the full extent of his Agape before God relents and lets him keep the object of his Storge. Other instances of pronounced Storge in literature include the love Cordelia feels for her father, King Lear in Shakespeare’s play. In this case however the Storge is made to complete its sacrifice in a sense because both the king’s beloved daughter and the king himself die in the end.Philia, or brotherly love, exists between friends, brothers and neighbors. This kind of love helps people to bond closely without being passionate or amorous. This kind of love prompts the feeling of camaraderie and brotherhood. A good example at hand would be the kind of love soldiers have amongst each other, where they bond intimately and share their joys and sorrows toget her without a hint of any physical attraction or manifestations. In Greek history, I have noticed the love depicted in the story of Damon and Pythias to be of this form. In the legend Damon and Pythias both survive Dionysus’ wrath because of their intense love for each other. But in another tale from the bible, the ending is not nearly as fortunate. Cain and Abel, sons of Adam and Eve, at first loved each other in the truest sense of Philia. However, with the preference God showed for Abel’s sacrifice of animals over Cain’s agricultural offerings, Cain’s love turns to intense jealousy and he ends up killing Abel. This is possibly the best known example of Philia getting overturned.Eros is passionate love, which can in most cases be closely linked to physical attraction and sexual love. Eros is often closely associated with the animal kingdom and therefore classically considered to be a lower form. Eros can often contend with Agape as we have seen earlier. And a popular example of this is in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. The love that the two young nobles feel for each other is no doubt arising from a certain attraction, or Eros. And yet the manner in which they express their love for each other in a language that is similar to that of Agape. Romeo and Juliet address each other in abject terms, making it a love not of equals but of one subservient to the other. This of course is one of the most common features of Agape.Although classically Eros is considered to be a lower form than Agape, as we have seen discussed in the Symposium, I personally feel this is not entirely fair. It is true that people often consider it nobler to love a person without wanting to possess him or her in a physical or earthly way. By implication this means that a person loves someone for more than their physicality, that is to say a love founded on something deeper than superficial beauty. This is true in theory, but not always in practice. We often find that the Agape is more often than not directed towards someone of higher social standing, or towards a woman who is unreachable, like a noblewoman or even the queen. This amounts to nothing short of sycophancy sometimes. Is it then less hypocritical than loving someone for their appearance?Eros is also equated with the animal kingdom and is therefore considered â€Å"lower.† But why should something, that takes place in the natural world, be considered lower? If animals love each other erotically, does it not make it a more natural, or even a â€Å"higher† love? After all this kind of love is based on the truth of the body’s responses to the beloved; if someone is beautiful and attractive physically, why should it be wrong to feel attraction or love for this person? Even if it is based only on appearances, Eros is more genuine. There is no verbal intrusion that allows lovers to lie to each other or praise each other in hollow terms.Philia too I think is of ten under-rated in the present generation. Friends can often feel a lot of love between them without it being the Erotic or even the Agape type of love. We have been brainwashed by popular movies and books into always expecting friendships to turn into love as that fits in with the perfect happy ending of the plot. But why should this be? Why is simple, platonic love that expects nothing physical or romantic in return be less of a love than any other kind? After all, is it not nobler for two friends to love each other in spite of the fact that they have nothing physical or romantic to gain from each other?Storge also is often under-appreciated in popular culture. Love that exists within families has become such a rare instance in the days of divorce and estrangement that perhaps more of art needs to depict it now, more than ever. People seem to forget that our families are what we are born into. We carry our parents’ genes and share them with our siblings and nothing or no on e else can ever change that. It is true that we are often unfortunate in this regard and there are many children brought into this world in an unloving family, but even so the love that exists between members of the family is something that precedes life itself. Just to think about what a pregnant mother endures for nine months and so many years following the birth, is enough to prove the argument.In conclusion, I think it is fruitless to spend hours debating on which form of love is higher than the others because each kind of love, whether borne out of devotion, lust, filial ties or friendship, is a distinct kind of love. A sort of love that is unique to itself and therefore deserving of special attention. Instead of trying to compare them it is perhaps best to be grateful to know that they all exist.Works CitedDe Rouguemont, Denis. Love in the Western World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1940. Print.Houston, Beth. â€Å"Longing for Laura.† Able Muse. 2002. Web. 2 May 2010. Love in the Western World Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Private Prisons essays

Private Prisons essays In recent decades, there has been a trend developing in America towards the privatization of Americas prisons. Independent companies have contracted, built and staffed prisons in several different states instead of having the government in control of these facilities. There is still much uncertainty, however, if private prisons will be able to succeed. Some companies have failed while others cling to mediocre revenues. Some people believe that these measures will save taxpayers money while other are afraid that private prisons have no real interest in rehabilitating prisoners. Why have prisons been moving into private hands in this modern era? The most obvious answer would come from simple economics. If a business feels that there a profit to be made, even in an area that is usually thought of as a part of the public sector, it will try to get its foot in the door and make that profit. There is also a feeling among many people that public-run institutions are not cost efficient. People theorize that if a private company were to control certain institutions that they can remove the bureaucratic red tape and run a more cost-effective and efficient business. This theory is just one that supporters of the privatization of the prison system support. One major flaw of such a system is that if these prisons are being built in order to make money for a company, then the prison has less desire to get rid of its workforce. An ideal privately run prison would have to be one that is packed with able-bodied workers. For these prisons there would be less desire to release inmates early, which would make good time given to inmates something that is less desired. Even this flaw, at least presently, as revoking "good time" is a punishment used in only about 10 percent of cases. The government retains control of parole decisions and the authority to take away good time, which accrues automatically unless revoked b...

Final Project Introduction and Week 1 Milestone Essay

Final Project Introduction and Week 1 Milestone - Essay Example It can be used to shed light on some educative debates, politics as well as other world issues (Magoun, 2006). In addition, television can also be very important in promotional activities, involving business promotions among others. In the current world, television has become one of the most indispensible tools for education (Zettl, 2007). This is very helpful even to the students. Television always helps in making students get to acquaint themselves with several things. This is because, in the televisions, there are several programmes designed or literary documentaries, as well as literary programs (McCarthy, 2001). These are very important to the students. In this respect, it is of crucial significance to note that television always helps students to acquire more knowledge in the same ways that reading books always contributes. Television is also a source of entertainment. In summary, the complex integration of entertainment, education, business promotions, as well as communication in all aspects is very important. As such, it was very crucial for me to consider television as my media type of

Police statics discussion 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Police statics discussion 2 - Assignment Example 1). Finally, the data published by the US Department of Health and Human Services focus on drug use, alcohol use, tobacco use, substance abuse, among others (US DHHS, 2010). What are the major strengths and weaknesses of each? The strengths of the FBI reports are the availability and accessibility to crime reports on the most updated manner, where the latest statistics provided is for the year 2013. The weakness is that some data are not provided; for instance, the site disclosed that in violent crimes, clearance and arrest data are not available (FBI, n.d.). For the NCVS, the strength is the clear structure of the reports; while the weakness is that the latest information available is 2012 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013). Finally, the information provided by the DHHS is also comprehensive in the area of drug use; however, the weakness is that the latest available statistics pertain to the year 2010 (US DHHS, 2010). Which of the three different examples do you think is the most useful from a practitioners perspective and why? From a practitioner’s perspective, the most useful would depend on the statistics needed as well as the information on the type of crime that the practitioner needs. Yet, the most current and updated statistics provided by the FBI is deemed to be most relevant since it provides the most updated information that reveals current and historical patterns. US DHHS. (2010). Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. Retrieved December 16, 2014, from oas.samsha.gov:

Anglia Local News Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

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What is dyslexia?

What is dyslexia?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has been 100 years since the first case of developmental dyslexia was described. Hitherto numerous researches had shed light on the causes and consequences of this disorder but the debate concerning its definition is still highly contented. In this essay, I will first answer the question of what is dyslexia and then move to the debate of whether it has a genetic basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Firstly, I will introduce what has been done in the early research of dyslexia and then tried to find a definition for us to understand dyslexia properly. Secondly, I will introduce the research for supporting the view that dyslexia has a genetic basis. 1.1 Early history of research on dyslexia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reading, a complex behavior that requires a set of cognitive skills, has been highly valued by society and is a key component to education. An inability to read has profound social and psychological consequences. Several scholars in the 19th century studied the loss of the ability to read or understand writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurrmaul in 1877 describe the reading difficulties of literate brain-damaged patients as word-blindness. It is only in 1887 that a German ophthalmologist, R Berlin, first used the word ‘dyslexia to describe reading difficulties caused by cerebral disease or injury. However, having read articles published by Hinshelwood in the 1890s and early 1900s, W.P Morgan (1895) points out that a patient can be suffering from dyslexia without cerebral disease or injury. He quotes the case of a boy who has reading difficulties even though he has suffered no apparent brain damage. Though for a long time, the problem of dyslexia is widely studied, dyslexia was not a common knowledge for more than half a century and the concept of dyslexia was not familiar and unclear to many people. People need to understand what dyslexia is in order to help ones inflicted with the disease. 1.2 The definition of dyslexia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dyslexia is a neurological disorder with a genetic origin and behavioral signs which extend beyond problems of written language. Early research confined the dyslexia into a medical model and thus clinical practice fail to distinguish a dyslexia patient from normal readers. In the 1968 World Federation of Neurology meeting, a definition of dyslexia formally introduced and stated that dyslexia is a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence and socio-cultural opportunity. It is dependent upon fundamental cognitive disabilities which are mostly of constitutional origin. Many scholars criticize this definition. Firstly, the terms are vague as there are insufficient examples to illustrate conventional instruction or to point out the criteria of adequate intelligence and to explain the meaning of socio-cultural opportunity. These scholars point out that the biggest weakness of this definition is exclusio n. The definition only states what a person with dyslexia should not be and does not include criteria for its positive diagnosis other than to state that it is a reading difficulty dependent on fundamental cognitive disabilities (Snowling, 2004). Although its definition debatable, it is applied by the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders and the international classification of mental and behavioral disorders for many years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Researchers have never stop on the medical model. Without positive diagnosis criterion, doctors cannot differentiate children with specific reading difficulties and children who have reading difficulties because of a more general learning problems. Scholars have adopted tests through the comparisons of verbal IQ (intelligence quotient) and performance on reading tests of children with reading retardation and skilled reader in a hope that it could identify the children with dyslexia. Nonetheless, a number of findings such as Morton and Frith (1995) highlighted that it is not correct to assume that literacy problems are the only symptoms of dyslexia. These tests are purely behavioral definitions and the diagnosis is relative. For instance, there are many examples that show discrepancies with the predictions carried out by those researches. Some dyslexia children after receiving highly effective training in decoding non-words would score well and many children with r eading problems can improve their reading ability by having a better relationship with their teachers. Overly depending on these tests as a short cut to diagnosis would run the risk of excluding dyslexic children with reading problems and involve children who only show mild positive signs of dyslexia. The definition that concerns dyslexia as synonymous with specific reading difficulty has failed to be self evidence because it only focuses solely on reading and IQ-test performance and other tests.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One way out of this dilemma is to consider dyslexia as a disorder that has multi-levels of description. Rutter and Yule (1975) pointed out that the specific reading retardation is usually multi-factorially determined opposed to the claim that dyslexia is a unitary condition. Being a developmental disorder, dyslexia can be expected to have behavioral features that will change with maturation and response to environmental interactions (cf.Bishop, 1997). It may therefore be unrealistic to agree upon a simple and unchanging definition of dyslexia. Frith (1997) argued that there are causal links from brain to mind to behavior that must be considered when attempting to understand dyslexia. It is important to seek explanations at the three different levels in this causal chain namely the biological, the cognitive and the behavioral, in order to develop a comprehensive theory of why some children fail ‘unexpectedly&tsquo; to learn to read(Morton and Frith, 1995). Mo reover, the environmental factors will act as a stimulus to intensify or meliorate the condition of these three levels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The common ground of the study of dyslexia, agrees that dyslexia is a neuro-development disorder with a biological origin and behavioral signs which extend far beyond problems of written language (Frith, 1997). The idea of dyslexia as a syndrome with a neurological basis springs from the work of Tim Miles, Elaine Miles and many intelligent students. It helps to solve the paradoxes that exist in defining dyslexia. Morton and Frith (1997) had developed a framework with three levels and environmental influence in a neutral view to describe a descriptive definition of dyslexia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The past 15 years have seen a continuing increase in research effort aimed at identifying the biological underpinnings of dyslexia. Galaburda (1989) demonstrated abnormal symmetry in the structure of the planum temporal; Livingstone et al. (1991) identified cellular migration abnormalities in the magnocellular system of the brain which have been related to behavioral findings by Cornelissen et al.(1995). Genetic linkage studies with dyslexic families have identified regions on chromosomes 15, 1 and recently 6 (Cardon et al., 1994). Thus, restricting the discussion to behavioral observation is no longer necessary. This gap has been widened by cognitive neuro-science which insists that there is a space for the scientific study of the mind and brain and not just behavior (Frith, 1995). Cognitive level of explanation can be a bridge that links brain and behavior together. Cognitive abilities can be explained by Cognitive theories through observable behavior. The poor reading performance can be termed as a cognitive dysfunction which in turn can be explained by a brain dysfunction. In addition, this causal links chains from brain to mind to behavior has to be set within the context of environmental and cultural influences. Figure2(Mortan and Frith 1995)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An illustration of the causal modeling of dyslexia with the hypothesis of a phonological deficit hypothesis now shows in figure 2. In this figure, Morton and Frith in 1995 argued that when we try to explain a developmental disorder, we have to make a distinction between different levels of description. In the biological level and environmental level, we can look for causes and cures and in the behavioral level we can observe and assess the patient. Then the cognitive level lies in between these levels and have links with the rest of the levels. Here, the intuitive clinical impression can be captured and that the presenting disorder is a distinct and recognizable entity despite variable symptoms. This notation enables different theories about a disorder to be represented in a neutral fashion (Frith, 1995). The proposal of a phonological deficit as the cognitive basis of dyslexia has a strong theoretical and empirical support that it has been widely accepted. Starti ng on the biological level of figure 2, it is supposed that there is a congenital dysfunction of left-hemisphere perisylvian brain areas which affects phonological processing (Galaburda, 1989; Paulesu et al., 1996; Rumsey et al., 1992). Furthermore, the evidence for a genetic origin of dyslexia is increasingly compelling (Pennington, 1990). However, this theory also has its pitfalls. One of the biggest weakness of the phonological theory is it does not effectively explain the occurrence of sensory and motor disorders in dyslexic individuals. People who support the phonological theory typically have dismissed these disorders as not part of the core features of dyslexia. They consider their co-occurrence with the phonological deficit as potential markers of dyslexia instead of treating them as a causal role in the aetiology of reading impairment (Snowling, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the domain of neauro-cognitive causes study of dyslexia, there are two other theories: the cerebellar theory and the magnocellular theory. The former one is that the dyslexics cerebellum is mildly dysfunctional and that a number of cognitive difficulties ensue, whereas the latter one postulates that the magnocellular dysfunction is no restricted to the visual pathways but is generalized to all modalities (Ramus et al, 2003). These three theories do not contradicted each other but potentially compatible. When it refers to the cognitive level, three theories imply a processing deficit. Fast temporal processing may be a basic characteristic of all perceptual systems, visual as well as auditory, object-based as well as speech-based. On the other hand, the slower-than- normal perceptual processing might affect the development of a phonological system (Frith, 1997). 1.3 Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any definition should be seen as a hypothesis and to be rejected if future findings disprove it. As Tim Miles said that, a diagnosis of dyslexia is, in effect, a sort of bet. The definition in the framework of biological, cognitive and behavioral level within the interaction of cultural influences depict the dyslexia as a neuro-developmental disorder with a biological origin, which affects speech processing with a range of clinical manifestations (Frith, 1997). In this definition, it appears that the cognitive level of description provides a unifying theory of dyslexia. Such a theory is necessary to pool together the numerous different observational strands in this most intriguing and subtle disorder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the discussion of definition issues in dyslexia, we turn to focus on the approval that dyslexia has its genetic basis. We will first look at the study of heritability in dyslexia and then to talk about the genetic findings for supporting dyslexia has a genetic basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rapidly accumulating evidence suggests that developmental dyslexia is one of many common familial disorders. The genetic explanations of dyslexia are rather convinced by research that uses the newly genetic techniques and statistical methods in the genetic study of dyslexia. Although most findings cannot be replicated as there are many variants need to be identified. We still can believe that dyslexia has a genetic basis by the evidence of the genetic study of dyslexia. 2.1 Famaliality of Dyslexia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question of whether dyslexia has a genetic basis has been studied for a very long time. Numerous researches have been conducted. Among them, there are a number of findings that suggest developmental dyslexia is hereditary. Orton in 1925 hypothesizes that children born in a family of dyslexia have great chance of being dyslexia. According to a recent estimation made by Gilger, Pennington and Deferies in 1991, the risk of a son with a dyslexia father to be a dyslexia is approximate 40% and about 36% if the mother is dyslexia. Moreover, if both parents are affected, the risk and severity of dyslexia in the child would greatly increase. Nevertheless, for the girls, this ratio is relatively lower, at about 20% regardless of the gender of the affected parent (Childsfinucci,1983;DeferiesDecker,1982;Pennington,1991).However,the higher familial aggregation of reading problems is insufficient to prove that dyslexia has genetic basis. The environment shared by families a re strongly influence their reading ability. 2.2 Twins Studies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The twins studies can help us understand the complexity of the interaction between genes and environment in some degree. The first kind of twin studies is the comparison of concordance rates that could evaluate the hereditary basis of dyslexia as a clinical condition. The second evaluates the reading performance of twins for estimating heritability coefficient by analyzing various indicators of reading performance. Thus, it is important to diffrentiate these two types of twin studies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first kind of twin study of dyslexia, researchers compared the concordance rates in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs the identical twin pairs and dizygotic(DZ) twin pairs the fraternal pairs. Regression counted in the research dues to the assessment of environmental factors and its interaction with genes in reading disabled. The results show that at least one member of every pair had reading problems. Moreover, MZ has a higher concordance for reading disability than in DZ twin pairs (Hermann, 1959; Zerbin-Rudin, 1967;Decker and Vandenberg,1985). By comparing the findings of the concordance rates in twin pairs we can imply that developmental dyslexia has a genetic aetiology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the second type of twin pairs, a vast number of studies have reported MZ and DZ twin correlations for various measures of reading performance (Grigorenko, 1996). MZ correlations implied the presence of genetic influence through the comparison with DZ correlations. However, heritability estimates are varied. Some of the variability can be due to the fact that the sample size of those main researchers was relatively small. In addition, some twin studies suggest that only certain reading-related skills are inherited. Thus it has been shown that word recognition, phonological coding show important genetic influence, whereas reading comprehension and orthographic coding do not (Olson, Wise,Conners,Rack,Fulker, 1989). Because the latter one significantly influenced by the environmental factors. 2.3 Pattern of Transmission of Dyslexia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Researchers had conducted a number of segregation analyses, fitting different statistical models corresponding to various patterns to investigate the transmission of genes in families with reading disability. Some observers have concluded that familial dyslexia is transmitted in an autosomal (not sex-linked) dominant mode (Childs Finucci, 1983; Hallgren, 1950), whereas others have found only partial (Pennington et al.,1991) or no support for an autosomal or codominant pattern of transmission. These findings were interpreted as suggesting that specific reading disability is genetically heterogeneous (Finucci et al.,1976; Lewitter, DeFries, Elston, 1980). In here, Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping also has been applied (Cardon et al., 1994;Fulker et al.,1991) in order to localize individual genes that contribute to the development of dyslexia. 2.4 Genetic Localization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The researchers passionately set an ultimate goal of genetic study that is to locate and isolate the responsible gene for dyslexia. Once the genes responsible for dyslexia is located, the protein product encode by the gene may permit a physiological explanation for its role in normal processes or diseases and finally contributed to a gene therapy for dyslexic. However, some researchers like Snowling (2000) consider the location of genes is a wide goose chase. The human genome has a rough estimation of about 35 000 genes which distributed over 3 billion bp of DNA and half of them is related to brains. Even when researchers limited the number of candidate genes to screen by using different biological hypotheses, they still need to work with thousands of genes. Thus, considering the risk of failing to match any given hypothesis, researches adopt the linkage and association analysis these two types of mapping strategies. The principle underlying both genetic linkage a nd association mapping is to test for non-random relations between phenotypic similarity across many individuals and haplotype sharing between them. With more generations the analysis become more powerful and accurate because each meiosis provides another opportunity for spurious genotype-phenotype relations to decompose. Linkage analysis refers to the analysis of individuals for whom family relations are known, whereas association analysis is used for large samples of unrelated individuals. Now, linkage analysis is generally less effective than association analysis in detecting genotype-phenotype relations within a study sample size. However, linkage mapping can be done with much fewer genetic markers and is hence easier to use in practice than association analysis. Genome-wide linkage can be carried out by analysis of about 400 highly polymorphic DNA markers. By contrast, association mapping has the power to focus on the specific causal DNA variants that influence phenotype variab ility but in most case it must use much more times that use to analyse DNA polymorphisms then linkage mapping used.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using current molecular techniques of linkage analysis to carefully study selected family trees of dyslexic individuals in which developmental dyslexia reoccurs in different generations, some early results showed that a major gene for dyslexia was located on the short arm of chromosome 15 (Pennington et al.,1991;Smith, Pennington, Kimberling, Ing,1990). Fulker and his colleagues in 1991 replicated the same result of chromosome 15 though selecting a sample of siblings with reading problems in the study of original extended-family. Others like Lubs in 1991, Rabin in 1993 and Cardon in 1994 did not find the same results.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From a recently review of genetic study of dyslexia, we can see that the candidate genes DCDC2 the double cortin doman containing protein 2 and K1AA0319 show strongest links to the dyslexia among severely affected individuals. However, the candidate genes chromosome 15 and ROBO1 roundabout Drosophila Homolog of 1, which were identified through breakpoint mapping in Finnish patients, seem to be less involved in the development of dyslexia across different populations. However, their research is limited to a few families in the Finnish population and to date, no specific cognitive processes are known to be influenced by the proposed susceptibility genes. Some studies have already started to include neurophysiological and imaging procedures in their phenotype characterization of patients. The molecular genetic studies conducted so far have not considered gender-specific genetic effects. A satisfactory power to detect such effects can be provided only when gender is t aken into account during the analysis of results, and this should be a feature of future studies (Schumacher et al, 2008) 2.5 Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although, scientific research has yet to prove that dyslexia is a gentic disorder, many researchers and evidence have show that it is a high possibility. In my opinion, dyslexia is a genetic disease and its symtoms can be aggravated or mitigated by the environment. Nevertheless, more research into the correlationship of the genetic factor and the environment needs to be conducted to verify this claim. Reference: Beaton,A.A(2004). Dyslexia, Reading and the Brain: a sourcebook of psychological and Biological Research. East Sussex: Psychology Press. Francks.C, MacPhie,L.I, Monaco,P.A(2002). The genetic basis of dyslexia. Lancet Neurology 2002, 1, 483-490. Frith.U(1999). Paradoxes in the definition of dyslexia. Dyslexia, 5, 192-214. Hulme. C,Snowling.M(1997). Dyslexia: biology, cognition, and intervention. San Diego: Singular Pub. Miles,E.(1995).Can there be a single definition of dyslexia? Dyslexia, 1, 37-45. Raskind, H.W (2001). Current understanding of the genetic basis of reading and spelling disability. Learning Disability Quarterly, 24(summer), 141-157 Olson, R.K(2002). Dyslexia:nature or nurture. Dyslexia, 8(3), 143-157 Ramus. F, Rosen.S, Dakin,C.S, Day,L.B., Castellote,M.J., White.S Frith.U(2003). The theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults. Brain, 126, 841-865. Sladen,K.Brenda(1970). Inheritance of dyslexia. Annals of Dyslexia. 20(1), 30-40. Snowling,J.M(2000), Dyslexia. Massachusettes: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Siegel,L.S.(1992). An evaluation of the discrepancy definition of dyslexia. Journal of Learning Disabilites,25, 618-629. Sternberg,J.R Spear-Swerling.L(1999). The perspectives on learning disabilities. Colorado: Westview Press. Schumacher. J., Hoffmann. P, Schmal. C, Schulte-Korne. G, Nothen,M.Markus(2007). Genetic of dyslexia: the evolving landscape. J med Genet 2007, 44, 289-297. Wood, B. F., Grigorenko, L.E (2001). Emerging issues in the genetics of dyslexia: a methodological preview. Journal of learning disabilities, 34(6), 503-511

New Leadership in Indonesia and Singapure Essays -- International Gove

The emerging globalized world brings with it new global threats. Various forms of advancement have made the threat of terrorism a global threat. As a result, leaders of democratic states have been forced to work together to contain such threats. This paper examines the extent to which the Indonesian leadership transition from 2004 to 2009 affected security policy relations with Singapore. First, this paper takes a brief look at the new leadership transition of Indonesia and Singapore in 2004. Second, this paper examines whether the new leadership was able to strengthened regional security through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). New Leadership in Southeast Asia The year 2004 was of significant change not only for Indonesia, but also for Singapore. Both, Indonesia and Singapore, went trough a leadership change in 2004, which allowed them to realign their relationship and interest in the region. On August 12, Lee Hsien Loong was sworn in as Singapore’s third prime minister since independence. Lee Hsien Loong preceded Goh Chok Tong’s 14-year leadership. Lee had long been expected to have some sort of leadership because his father, Lee Kuan Yew, was Singapore’s first prime minister. More notably on October 20, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, was sworn in as Indonesia’s sixth president since independence. Mr. Yudhoyono was the fourth president in six years, but was the first directly elected president since the fall of President Suharto in 1998. The leadership transition of 2004 is crucial to understanding foreign relations between Indonesia and SIngapore because it laid the platform from which they could renew, strengthen, and expand their regional ideals. In the aftermath of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Singapo... ...nd Southeast Asia: Australia, the U.S., and ASEAN’s Counter-Terror Strategy.† Asian Survey 48, no. 4 (July/August 2008): 626-649. Chow, Jonathan T. â€Å"ASEAN Counterterrorism Cooperation since 9/11.† Asian Survey 45, no. 2 (March/April 2005): 302-321. Febrica, Senia. â€Å"Securitizing Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Accounting for the Varying Responses of Singapore and Indonesia.† Asian Survey 50, no. 3 (May/June 2010): 569-590. Kassim, Yang Razali. Transition Politics in Southeast Asia: Dynamics of Leadership Change and Succession in Indonesia and Malaysia. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish, 2005. Lee, Kuan Yew. â€Å"The United States, Iraq, and the War on Terror: A Singaporean Perspective.† Foreign Affairs 86, no. 1 (January/February 2007): 2-7. Narine, Shaun. â€Å"ASEAN and the Management of Regional Security.† Pacific Affairs 71, no. 2 (Summer, 1998): 195-214.